WASHINGTON (AP) A review of how the government's intelligence agencies handled information they had before the Boston Marathon bombings last year concluded that it was impossible to know whether anything could have been done differently to prevent the attack.
Whether information withheld by Russia until after the bombings could have made a difference was not addressed in the unclassified version of the report. Even if the FBI had received details from the Russian wiretaps involving one of the bombing suspects, it's not clear that the U.S. government could have stopped him.
Three people died and more than 200 others were injured in two explosions during the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Two ethnic Chechen brothers are accused of carrying out the attacks. The oldest, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, died in a police chase and his brother, Dzhokhar, has pleaded not guilty to 30 federal charges, including using a weapon of mass destruction.
The Obama administration briefed Congress on Thursday on the intelligence community inspectors general's investigation into whether there were any missed opportunities to share information.
''We will always ask ourselves what more we could have done to prevent this or another tragedy. What we may never understand is why the Russians didn't share more with us to aid in the FBI's investigation,'' said Rep. C.A. ''Dutch'' Ruppersberger, the top Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee.
Highlighting Russia's role in potential intelligence failures comes as relations between the two countries are the worst they've been since the Cold War, the deterioration coming over the past year. Russia's reluctance to share information with the U.S. government that might have helped prevent a terror attack on American soil was one of the first major cracks in the relationship.
Also in the last year, Russia gave asylum to former National Security Agency systems analyst Edward Snowden, who leaked millions of documents to journalists. President Barack Obama canceled a planned security summit with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Most recently, Russia ignored warnings from the U.S. and its allies and annexed the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine.
Members of Congress have grown increasingly skeptical about the effectiveness of U.S.-Russian cooperation on law enforcement or other matters.
In 2011, Russian authorities told the FBI they were worried that one of the suspected bombers, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, and his mother were religious extremists. The Russians were unresponsive when pressed by the FBI for more details. It was only after the 2013 attack that the U.S. intelligence community learned that the Russians withheld some details that might have led to a more thorough FBI investigation.
The Russians told U.S. officials that they secretly recorded a telephone conversation in 2011 in which Tsarnaev vaguely discussed jihad with his mother, which The Associated Press first reported weeks after the attack. In another conversation, the mother was recorded talking to someone in southern Russia who is under FBI investigation in an unrelated case, officials have said.
Rep. William Keating, a Massachusetts Democrat and member of the House Homeland Security Committee, said what the Russian government did or did not do is less critical to analyze than any missed opportunities by U.S. law enforcement.
''The U.S. should not be reliant on Russia to provide domestic security,'' Keating said. ''We should not depend on Russia for the information to make the U.S. safe.''
The inspectors general focused on Tsarnaev's travel to Russia in 2012 and whether U.S. agencies shared all the appropriate information about his comings and goings. They believe had this information about his travels been shared more widely among U.S. intelligence agencies, it might have prompted further investigation into Tsarnaev.
''Based on all the information gathered during our coordinated review, we believe that the FBI, CIA, (Department of Homeland Security) and the (National Counterterrorism Center) generally shared information and followed procedures appropriately,'' the inspectors general said. They recommended areas where coordination and information sharing could be improved, but they said they ''found no basis to make broad recommendations for changes in information handling or sharing.''
Russia has been inconsistent in how much information it shares with the U.S. on counterterrorism issues, said David Rubincam, the FBI's legal attache in Moscow from May 2011 through October 2012. Rubincam has since retired from the bureau. He was interviewed by the intelligence community's inspectors general over the past year.
''There were things that they would be more forthcoming on and things that they would just not respond to,'' Rubincam said of Russian intelligence officials.
Tsarnaev was one of many leads the FBI was pursing based on Russian intelligence, he said. When the Russians asked the FBI in March 2011 to look into Tsarnaev, the FBI did. The bureau also asked the Russians whether they had any more information on Tsarnaev that they could share with the U.S., but Russia was unresponsive.
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Associated Press writers Bradley Klapper, Eric Tucker and Darlene Superville contributed to this report.
