The Justice Department is refusing to back a posthumous pardon for
Jack Johnson, the black heavyweight boxing champion who was
imprisoned nearly a century ago because of his romantic ties with a
white woman.
In a letter obtained Thursday by The Associated Press, the
department's pardon attorney, Ronald L. Rodgers, told Rep. Peter
King that the Justice Department's general policy is not to process
posthumous pardon requests. In cases like Johnson's, given the time
that has passed and the historical record that would need to be
scoured, the department's resources for pardon requests are best
used on behalf of people "who can truly benefit" from them, Rodgers
wrote.
The letter was in response to one that King, R-N.Y., and Sen.
John McCain, R-Ariz., had sent to President Barack Obama in October
urging a pardon. In that letter, the two lawmakers noted that both
houses of Congress has passed a resolution calling for a
presidential pardon and said they hoped the president would be
eager to "right this wrong and erase an act of racism that sent an
American citizen to prison."
Rodgers wrote that notwithstanding the department policy,
Obama still has the authority to pardon whomever he wishes, "guided
when he sees fit by the advice of the pardon attorney."
And he did cite two cases of posthumous pardons: President
Bill Clinton's 1999 pardon of Lt. Henry O. Flipper, the Army's
first black commissioned officer, who was drummed out of the
military in 1882 after white officers accused him of embezzling
$3,800 in commissary funds; and President George W. Bush's 2008
pardon of Charles Winters, who was convicted of violating the
Neutrality Act when he conspired in 1948 to export aircraft to a
foreign country in aid of Israel.
In Winters' case, Rodgers said, the pardon request was not
processed by Justice's Office of the Pardon Attorney, due to the
department's posthumous pardon policy.
King said in a telephone interview that he and McCain
probably will continue to urge Obama to issue the pardon.
"What they're doing here is bucking it back to President
Obama," King said. "So I would respectfully urge him to grant the
pardon. This is the president's call."
The White House had no immediate comment on whether Obama
would consider the request.
When he unveiled the resolution in April, McCain said he was
sure that Obama "will be more than eager" to issue the pardon.
A hundred years before Obama was elected the nation's first
black president, Johnson, a native of Galveston, Texas, became the
first black heavyweight champion, on Dec. 26, 1908, after police in
Australia stopped his 14-round match against the severely battered
Canadian world champion, Tommy Burns.
That victory led to a search for a "Great White Hope" who
could beat Johnson. Two years later, Jim Jeffries, the American
world titleholder Johnson had tried for years to fight, came out of
retirement but lost in a match called "The Battle of the Century,"
resulting in deadly riots.
In 1913, Johnson was convicted of violating the Mann Act,
which made it illegal to transport women across state lines for
immoral purposes. After his conviction, he fled the country, but
agreed years later to return and serve a 10-month jail sentence.
In 2004, the Committee to Pardon Jack Johnson, which
filmmaker Ken Burns helped form, filed a petition with the Justice
Department that was never acted on. His 2005 documentary,
"Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson,"
explored the case against the boxer and the sentencing judge's
acknowledged desire to "send a message" to black men about
relationships with white women.
